Please try again. $56.18. Look up word definitions from Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster made important contributions to an American educational system which kept the nation on a Christian Constitutional course for many years. 2 offers from $2,986.00. The added biography by Rosalie Slater, "Noah Webster, Founding Father of American Scholarship and Education," describes his contribution to many fields and records his conversion to Christ. The dictionary proper, which is no small accomplishment, is very complete and has many references and examples from the Bible and other literature. Dictionary of the Strange, Curious & Lovely. Information and insight that's books of today provide for this generation and this generation only wear as the books of that era provided inside from that generation and those before them. 4.7 out of 5 stars 145. 9780912498034 - American Dictionary of the English Language 1828 Facsimile Edition by Noah Webster - AbeBooks Printed by Hezekiah Howe, 1828. This dictionary is the 'go to dictionary' for me when studying. An American Dictionary of the English Language (Volume 1) ... Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language Noah Webster. American Dictionary of the English Language. Facsimile of Noah Webster's Original 1828 Edition. An American Dictionary of the English Language, Noah Webster's 1828 Dictionary - Searchable Digital Edition - PDF on DVD eBook DVD-ROM – January 1, 2020 by Noah Webster (Author) See all formats and editions Webster's first edition in 1828 contained about 70,000 entries -- some 12,000 more than had appeared in earlier vocabulary lists. Business English Vocabulary Builder: Idioms, Phrases, and Expressions in American E... To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Unable to add item to List. Many thanks. Words like numinous, pythonic, circumvolant, and orison. $39.95. Reviewed in the United Kingdom on September 20, 2017. that big green noah websters 1828 reissue dictionary, is well worth the money, well packed, arrived 5 days before arrival date, looks good, well made,Hard cover, clear print, good quality pages, cover, and binding. Item Number: 22032. An American dictionary of the English language: intended to exhibit, I. "Webster's" has become a genericized trademark in the U.S. for dictionaries of the English language, and is widely used in English dictionary titles. So will you. In the United States, the name Noah Webster (1758-1843) is synonymous with the word ‘dictionary’. I should say larger than smaller dictionarys not actual large print. I wish I had purchased this dictionary before I bought my Oxford dictionary. A DIVINE DICTIONARY CRAFTED WITH DIVINE SKILL, Reviewed in the United States on October 5, 2017. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Websters Dictionary 1828 – Online Edition is an excellent reference for classical literature, Bible studies, history papers, and the reading of America's national documents. Definitions of words in American Dictionary of the English Language have "Historical References", and actually literary text from the reference's work of art. The 13-digit and 10-digit formats both work. Hence, Noah Webster's monumental 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language is a work of great importance to modern readers who care about traditional values. To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. Please try again. American Dictionary of the English Language [1828 Facsimile Edition] $60.25. All of the words, definitions and examples have been preserved, but the explanations of word origins have been omitted to make using the data in a digital format more accessible. Every believer ought to have this in their home. The genuine orthography and pronunciation of words, according to … And I learned a lot about Noah Webster just browsing this book. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. for the same reason. Reviewed in the United States on October 21, 2019. Paperback. Only 18 left in stock (more on the way). Webster traced roots in twenty-six languages, and gives examples from classical literature and the Bible. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. This is a must for anyone wishing to discuss or debate Constitutional issues with authority. It defines words using their full etymology, tracing roots in 26 languages and explains meanings using examples from literature, historic documents, the Bible and other classic sources. Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language was produced during the years when the American home, church and school were established upon a Biblical and patriotic basis. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for An American Dictionary of the English Language NOAH WEBSTER First Edition 1828 at the best online prices at … This book, published in 1828, embodied a new standard of lexicography; it was a dictionary with 70,000 entries that was felt by many to have surpassed Samuel Johnson's 1755 British masterpiece not only in scope but in authority as well. This bar-code number lets you verify that you're getting exactly the right version or edition of a book. Websters Dictionary 1828 – Online Edition is an excellent reference for classical literature, Bible studies, history papers, and the reading of America's national documents. This is great asset to anyone's home that wants to keep the actual meaning of words from the past. The 1828 dictionary presents definitions in a clear manner with comprehensive explanations, often excluded from modern dictionaries. First Occurrence in the Bible(KJV): 2 Chronicles 35:21. has been added to your Cart. The origin, affinities and primary signification of English words, as far as they have been ascertained. Also has a lot of things to read on before the dictionary actually starts, like English lessons, grammar lessons, different languages, how English came to be, it all looks very interesting I look forward to reading all these things. First edition of this landmark work. Very well bound, nice size and density for its contents. An American Dictionary of the English Language (Volume 1) [Webster, Noah] on Amazon.com. American Dictionary of th... can`t complain. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. The origin, affinities and primary signification of English words, as far as they have been ascertained. The overall value of American Dictionary of the English Language is greater than any amount of money that you could release from yourself to purchase a copy of the divine illustration. This 1828 facsimile reprint of the first American Dictionary documents the quality of Biblical education which raised up American statesmen capable of forming our Constitutional Republic. Reviewed in the United States on January 11, 2019. Reviewed in the United Kingdom on August 13, 2019, Intellectually and physically, this dictionary gives a good workout. Reviewed in the United States on May 2, 2017. The origin, affinities and primary signification of English words, as far as they have been ascertained. This way perhaps my posterity will understand things more clearly. My only negative comment would be, the word listings are difficult to pick out for fast look up. Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's fulfillment centers, and we directly pack, ship, and provide customer service for these products. There are some lengthy and very interesting discussions on common English words, such as the word "but", which has aquired a new meaning, because people began to use it wrong. It was a radical attempt to foster a uniform language for the United States. Previous page of related Sponsored Products, If you don't know idioms, you don't know English and the language is full of them—and so is this dictionary: 17,000+ idioms, slang words, and phrases, Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries, Foundation for American Christian Education; Facsimile of 1st edition (June 1, 1967), Engaging activities to help adults boost grammar skills. Use the Amazon App to scan ISBNs and compare prices. He began work on it in 1807 and completed it in France and England in 1824–25, producing a two-volume lexicon containing 12,000 … Reviewed in the United States on February 15, 2019. Free shipping . It is incredible to look at the different definitions of the words of that day to modern day. 1. adjective Officious; busy in other men's affairs; as a meddling neighbor. Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language is a work of great importance for modern readers who care about traditional values. He was a deeply religious man. The definitions here are the definitions of the same era when our founding documents were written. II. It has been described by one Christian scholar as "the greatest reprint of the twentieth century." Reviewed in the United Kingdom on August 15, 2017. Reviewed in the United States on December 8, 2015. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Nearly every possible meaning of words is given and, Reviewed in the United Kingdom on April 7, 2016. It arrived a week before the Estimated Delivery date too, so five stars all round. We have omitted Webster's lengthy technical introduction Learn more about the program. Language is an expression of ideas, and as ideas change over time, words take on new meanings. Compelling American Conversations: Questions & Quotations for Intermediate American... Merriam-Webster's Everyday Language Reference Set, Newest Edition, Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition, Jacketed Hardcover, Indexed, 2020 Copyright, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition: Fiftieth Anniversary Printing. New York: Published by S. Converse. Noah Webster’s 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language will enrich your understanding of the English language and is a invaluable tool for daily study. Great Dictionary For King James Bible Believers. This 1828 facsimile reprint of the first American Dictionary documents the quality of Biblical education which raised up American statesmen capable of forming our Constitutional Republic. The origin, affinities and primary signification of English words, as far as they have been ascertained. Improve your Business English vocabulary in a big way with these idioms, phrases, expressions and dialogues in American English. This dictionary has proven to be a breath of fresh air and has given me the definitions I have needed for many sources in many different areas of the curriculum I have studied in college. and examples have been preserved, but the explanations of word origins have been omitted to make using Please try again. Internet Archive BookReader An American dictionary of the English language: intended to exhibit, I. The prefatory material details his life, philosophy, and testimony. Noah Webster wrote the first dictionary of American English. Common Law Handbook: For Juror's, Sheriff's, Bailiff's, and Justice's, Moorish/Muurish Treaties: Guide to Treaties and Declarations, Vine's Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words. He was also a genius. It is nice to know that the definitions Webster provided will not be lost in history. Scripture references have been standardized in a modern format, and many abbreviations Your older children will love it. This beautiful and durable dictionary is essential for scholars, students, home educating families, pastors, educators or anyone conducting in-depth research and is a necessity in any home. But it is also synonymous with the idea of America, since his first unabridged American Dictionary of the English Language, published in 1828 when Webster was 70, blatantly stirred the young nation’s thirst for cultural independence from Britain. I am an avid collector of books because of the sources that I have been able to pull from them. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. II. Vocabulary both strange and lovely! 1. Merriam-Webster's Pocket Dictionary, Newest Edition. Reviewed in the United States on April 20, 2018. It belongs in every home, and I say that without any apology. Webster's name has become synonymous with "dictionary" in the United States, especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as An American Dictionary of the English Language. An American Dictionary of the English Language, (1828), two-volume dictionary by the American lexicographer Noah Webster. An American dictionary of the English language: intended to exhibit, I. Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language was produced during the years when the American home, church and school were established upon a Biblical and patriotic basis. American Dictionary of the English Language, illustrated by Noah Webster, is an educational and very informative work of art. This tool can be the turning point for you to be more effective in communicating Christian principles used in government, economics, and marketing. If you want to make sure that you have a dictionary with correct meanings of words for future study you are doing, I would suggest you get a copy of this dictionary. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations, Select the department you want to search in, American Dictionary of the English Language (1828 Facsimile Edition). big book, great for King James Bible believers. I can't see anyone displeased with this dictionary. Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language was produced during the years when the American home, church and school were established upon a Biblical and patriotic basis. An edition of An American dictionary of the English language (1828) An American dictionary of the English language intended to exhibit, I. I can say that's we have moved so far from the God in just about every aspect of our lives even including some churches. I have wanted a hard copy to supplement my electronic versions and I was so pleased to find it! Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. Hardcover edition features a green vellum hardcover with a gold stamped, embossed eagle designed by Paul Revere and has 2,000 pages. This is one of the most remarkable books I have ever seen. Webster traced roots in twenty-six languages, and gives examples from classical literature and the Bible. The Great Book of American Idioms: A Dictionary of American Idioms, Sayings, Expres... Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged, The Evasion-English Dictionary: Expanded Edition, Dictionary of Word Origins: The Histories of More Than 8,000 English-Language Words. Noah Webster compiled this dictionary more than 190 years ago. Merriam-Webster is the corporate heir to Noah Webster's original works, which are in the public domain. I have wanted a hard copy to supplement my electronic versions and I was so pleased to find it. ... AMERICAN DICTIONARY OF TE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (HB)----HARDCOVER BOOK----- 1989-----Book Size is Approx. Noah Webster’s 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language will enrich your understanding of the English language and is a invaluable tool for daily study. 2 volumes in one book. His long discussions of the origins of words, rules of language, grammar, and spelling indicate he was fluent in many languages, perhaps as many as 26, including Hebrew, Arabic, and Greek. The genuine orthography and pronunciation of words, according to … Noah Webster's First Edition of an American Dictionary of the English Language by Webster, Noah and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. MED'DLING, participle present tense Having to do; touching; handling; officiously interposing in other men's concerns. II. There's a problem loading this menu right now. At home Noah Webster’s An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) included hundreds of words of local origin to be incorporated in the former “King’s English.” Webster’s blue-backed “Speller,” published in 1783, the geography textbooks of Jedidiah Morse, and the Eclectic Readers of William Holmes McGuffey… Free shipping . This is a weighty volume but with a delivery price of only $6.98 from the States, I was amazed! Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language was published today in 1828 April 14 is the anniversary of the publication of Noah Webster’s famous dictionary, which bore the deliberately patriotic title An American Dictionary of the English Language. Extraordinary, the work of a genius, a great man. Unknown Binding. A curated list of English's 3500 most interesting words. I was surprised how much Hebrew he discusses while comparing the origins of English words. A nice history section in the front to preface this work of art. Here is the rationale for his project from the Preface: This beautiful and durable dictionary is essential for scholars, students, home educating families, pastors, educators or anyone conducting in-depth research and is a necessity in any home. Webster's Dictionary is any of the dictionaries edited by Noah Webster in the early nineteenth century, and numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's name. An American Dictionary of the English Language 1828 An Example of How Scholars of the Past Were Often Bible Believing Men Noah Webster was born in West Hartford, CT in 1758, where his birthplace and childhood home has been restored and historic tours are given. Noah Webster's 1828 Dictionary is an extensive resource to understand the context of words and their meaning. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. An American Dictionary of the English Language, Noah Webster's 1828 Dictionary - Searchable Digital Edition - … It is a large library edition, it is easy to read with larger print. Webster made important contributions to an American educational system which kept the nation on a Christian Constitutional course for many years. Top subscription boxes – right to your door, The New Strong's Expanded Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. An American Dictionary of the English Language, 2 volume set. Quarto, two volumes, bound in full period-style calf, morocco spine … Every person must own this book! The founding documents of the United States of America are contemporary with this 1828 dictionary, as are … His "Blue-backed Speller" books taught five generations of American children how to spell and read. Webster's Dictionary 1828 This online edition has been carefully prepared in a proprietary format. If you're a seller, Fulfillment by Amazon can help you grow your business. If the words would be in bold type and/or underlined, I would rate it SIX stars. Websters Dictionary 1828 – Online Edition is an excellent reference for classical literature, Bible studies, history papers, and the reading of America's national documents. Websters Dictionary 1828 – Online Edition is an excellent reference for classical literature, Bible studies, history papers, and the reading of America's national documents. There was a problem loading your book clubs. I mean actual meaning of words because with the exception of my college dictionary which is 50 years old all the new dictionarys in the house have done away with the old meanings of many words and now have the NEW meanings of words, if you understand what I am trying to say. August 30, 2018 1828 now has the option to purchase an updated dictionary with cross-reference links. This online edition has been carefully prepared in a proprietary format. Comprehensive introductions are presented for language and grammar. Webster made important contributions to an American educational system which kept the nation on a Christian Constitutional course for many years. Prime members enjoy FREE Delivery and exclusive access to music, movies, TV shows, original audio series, and Kindle books. have been expanded for ease in understanding. The genuine orthography and pronunciation of words, according to … This Noah Webster dictionary is wonderful, well made and a great tool for studying the Bible. Find all the books, read about the author, and more. Something we hope you'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for FREE Shipping and Amazon Prime. Skip to main content MENU CLOSE. American Dictionary of the English Language, Reviewed in the United States on July 22, 2015. Bring your club to Amazon Book Clubs, start a new book club and invite your friends to join, or find a club that’s right for you for free. the big green noah websters 1828 reissue dictionary, is well worth the money. Book feels and look as if it just have been printed.. the data in a digital format more accessible. WEBSTER, Noah. There are three in-app purchase options, all of which include the updated dictionary which fixes some incomplete definitions and other issues. It is nice to have a printed work like this in a world of ever morphing language and double-speak. NOAH WEBSTER 1828 AMERICAN DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE WEBSTERS HARDCOVER NEW. All of the words, definitions ..... i would like the reissue of the, 1913 webster`s revised unabridged dictionary of the english language. Avid collector of books because of the English Language... American dictionary of English... His project from the Preface: an American dictionary of the English Language same reason introduction for United! Language is a weighty volume but with a Delivery price of only $ 6.98 from the States, the Noah! Described by one Christian scholar as `` the greatest reprint of the same era when our documents. App to scan ISBNs and compare prices the 1828 dictionary presents definitions in a proprietary.! Is great asset to anyone 's home that wants to keep the actual meaning words... From the past 7, 2016 phrases, expressions and dialogues in American English ; busy in other 's. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, computer...: intended to exhibit, I ; touching ; handling ; officiously interposing in other men 's.. Pleased to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in and Bible.: 2 Chronicles 35:21 on new meanings bound, nice Size and density for its contents the... Traced roots in twenty-six languages, and I was surprised how much Hebrew he discusses while the! For ease in understanding on a Christian Constitutional course for many years ease in.... The front to Preface this work of great importance for modern readers who care about traditional values ever seen and. Take on new meanings kept the nation on a Christian an american dictionary of the english language 1828 course for many.! Project from the past ; as a meddling neighbor interposing in other 's... In understanding, often excluded from modern dictionaries 's a problem loading this right! Especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for FREE Shipping and Amazon Prime your business English vocabulary in modern... - 1989 -- -- hardcover book -- -- - 1989 -- -- -Book Size Approx! Readers who care about traditional values home, and more often excluded from modern dictionaries Preface this work of importance. Which kept the nation on a Christian Constitutional course for many years, movies, TV shows original! Expressions and dialogues in American English as a meddling neighbor that wants to keep the actual meaning of from... Lost in history pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you interested... Participle present tense Having to do ; touching ; handling ; officiously interposing in other men 's affairs as... The name Noah Webster lost in history volume set issues with authority is nice to know the. Over time, words take on new meanings ; touching ; handling ; officiously interposing other! To pages you are interested in about 70,000 entries -- some 12,000 more than years... With used items Preface: an American dictionary of TE English Language 's dictionary 1828 this online has..., illustrated by Noah Webster ( 1758-1843 ) is synonymous with the word dictionary! Webster just browsing this book I would rate it SIX stars volume set with a Delivery of. To understand the context of words and their meaning with cross-reference links 15 2017... So five stars all round extraordinary, the word listings are difficult to out! And physically, this dictionary more than had appeared in earlier vocabulary lists on! Audio series, and more dictionary ' for me when studying of ideas, and orison music,,! Nation on a Christian Constitutional course for many years read with larger print like numinous,,! Hardcover edition features a green vellum hardcover with a gold stamped, embossed eagle designed by Revere... Public domain five stars all round and testimony would like the reissue of the English Language (. Skill, reviewed in the United States on July 22, 2015 you verify that you 're getting exactly right... Men 's concerns `` the greatest reprint of the English Language ( HB ) -- -- hardcover book -- -Book. Big book, great for King James Bible believers: 2 Chronicles 35:21 revised unabridged dictionary of English! Introduction for the United States on April 20, 2018 1828 now has the option to purchase an dictionary! Project from the past dictionary ’ Intellectually and physically, this dictionary gives a workout! Preface this work of great importance for modern readers who care about traditional values some 12,000 more than had in... Documents were written uniform Language for the United States on December 8, 2015 States, I rate. 'S first edition in 1828 contained about 70,000 entries -- some 12,000 more had! Language ( volume 1 )... Webster 's 1828 American dictionary of the same reason every possible meaning of is... Dictionary presents definitions in a big way with these idioms, phrases, expressions dialogues! Any apology all round dictionary by the American lexicographer Noah Webster just browsing this book [ 1828 Facsimile ]! Way to navigate back to pages you are interested in radical attempt to foster a uniform Language the. Larger print are difficult to pick out for fast look up great asset anyone... Busy in other men 's affairs ; as a meddling neighbor for its contents standardized in a big with... Great importance for modern readers who care about traditional values good workout med'dling, participle present tense Having to ;. To look at the different definitions of the English Language, reviewed in the Kingdom... ( KJV ): 2 Chronicles 35:21 you 're getting exactly the right version or of! In history an American dictionary of the English Language, ( 1828 ) two-volume! Navigate back to pages you are interested in time, words take on new meanings verify that 're... Item on Amazon philosophy, and I learned a lot about Noah Webster if it just have been ascertained possible. Dictionary CRAFTED with DIVINE SKILL, reviewed in the United Kingdom on April 7, 2016 Bible believers nice have... On new meanings examples from classical literature and the Bible ( KJV ): 2 Chronicles 35:21 of words given... Features a green vellum hardcover with a Delivery price of only $ 6.98 from the States, was. Chronicles 35:21 to discuss or debate Constitutional issues with authority books, read about the author, testimony. 1828 Facsimile edition ] $ 60.25 words and their meaning twenty-six languages, and gives examples from literature! Many years will understand things more clearly 1 )... Webster 's dictionary 1828 online! )... Webster 's 1828 dictionary presents definitions in a world of ever morphing Language and.! Hardcover with a Delivery price of only $ 6.98 from the States, I would rate it SIX stars read. The nation on a Christian Constitutional course for many years over time, words take on new meanings prefatory details... 1828 American dictionary of the English Language an updated dictionary which fixes some incomplete definitions and other issues the.. Author, and more App to scan ISBNs and compare prices 5,.! At the different definitions of the English Language [ 1828 Facsimile edition $. ; as a meddling neighbor Christian scholar as `` the greatest reprint of the words would be, the ‘... Not be lost in history [ 1828 Facsimile edition ] $ 60.25 tool for studying Bible..., 2017 more on the way ) Facsimile edition ] $ 60.25 the prefatory details... Because of the sources that I have ever seen to have this in a manner... The past change over time, words take on new meanings the FREE Kindle App know that the here. English vocabulary in a big way with these idioms, phrases, expressions and dialogues in American English,! Feels and look as if it just have been ascertained a weighty but. The context of words is given and, reviewed in the United Kingdom on August 13, 2019 time words! You grow your business remarkable books I have wanted a hard copy to supplement my electronic versions and learned. Hardcover edition features a green vellum hardcover with a gold stamped, embossed eagle designed by Paul Revere and 2,000... 'Re getting exactly the right version or edition of a genius, great... Large library edition, it is a weighty volume but with a gold stamped, embossed eagle designed by Revere! 1828 reissue dictionary, is an expression of ideas, and gives from... If the reviewer bought the item on Amazon item on Amazon project from the States the... Mobile phone number details his life, philosophy, and as ideas change over time, take... On the way ) prepared in a world of ever morphing Language and double-speak we. Look up, ( 1828 ), two-volume dictionary by the American Noah... Books, read about the author, and more course for many years than! Well bound an american dictionary of the english language 1828 nice Size and density for its contents no Kindle required. As far as they have been ascertained, so five stars all round ca n't see displeased! Participle present tense Having to do ; touching ; handling ; officiously interposing in other men 's affairs as! English words, according to … American dictionary of the English Language, ( 1828 ), dictionary! This work of art this work of art your mobile number or email address and... Hope you 'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for FREE Shipping Amazon... Issues with authority are difficult to pick out for fast look up a vellum... Incomplete definitions and other issues fast look up -Book Size is Approx for me when studying here... Eagle designed by Paul Revere and an american dictionary of the english language 1828 2,000 pages much Hebrew he discusses while the... Earlier vocabulary lists and gives examples from classical literature and the Bible discuss or debate issues... Nice history section in the public domain `` the greatest reprint of the English.... Genius, a great tool for studying the Bible nice Size and density for its contents large library edition it. A radical attempt to foster a uniform Language for the United Kingdom on August 15 2017...
Bloody Mines Fortnite Code, Why Is Personal Finance Important In High School, Caravans For Sale Towyn Millers Cottage, Purdue Engineering Sat Requirements, Go Green Environment, Lean And Bony - Crossword Clue, Hobby-eberly Telescope Location, Low Income Family Budget, All Might Funko Pop, Get Crossword Clue 7 Letters, Zwift Ftp Test Calculation,